La disyuntiva entre pedagogía formalista y personalista

La educación digna de este nombre es de calidad. Ello equivale a decir que sea personalizada y se desenvuelva en libertad. En cuanto que personal procederá desde dentro y se cimentará en las virtudes. El ejemplo y generosidad de los padres garantizan el proceso. Sin embargo, de la mano de los organismos nacionales e internacionales, se ha extendido el formalismo pedagógico. Se sustenta en un objetivo abstracto que lo fía todo en el pragmatismo y las consignas ideológicas. Esta opción genera pasividad y malestar social. La familia marca la buena dirección para que cada niño se forme y desarrolle plenamente (voluntad e inteligencia)

Assessment of the International Fishery for Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in Division 3M (Flemish Cap), 1993-2008

The development of the international shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fishery in NAFO Division 3M is described. Various indices show that even the stock is in high levels in 2006 and 2007 the lack of good recruitments in the last years and progressive disappearance of the strong year classes 2001 and 2002 will lead to the stock decline. The effort in the last years was low due to high cost of oil and low marketing prize of shrimp. Nominal catch was 17600 tons in 2007 as compared to 21431 tons in 2006. The catch in 2008 was only 7805 tons to 1 october. Noting the lack of reports on catch this figure might increase considerably. The results from the ageing which is based on biological sampling showed a great number of five years olds per hour in 2007 proving the 2002 year-class to be very strong. However in 2008 this year class was barely represented. The female biomass from EU survey was variable though without trends at a relative high level from 1998 to 2007 but in 2008 the estimated biomass decreased to levels prior to 1998. This pessimistic picture is not agreed with the observed trend in the female standardized CPUE that is growing since 1998. Indices of recruitment from the commercial fishery (age 2 in numbers) are plotted against CPUE of 3+ two and three years later showing a significative relationship between them. The recruitment indices of both commercial fishery and EU survey show a very strong 2002 year-class followed by weak year-class since then

Division 3M Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) – Interim Monitoring Update

This document updates some of the indices for northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) harvested within NAFO Divisions 3M. The last assessment for this resource was completed, within Scientific Council in September2020. The shrimp fishery was resumed in 2020 and Scientific Council in the last assessment completed in September 2020, recommended that since the estimated biomass was above Blim and there were indications of improvement in recruitment from the survey in 2020, there was sufficient evidence to allow a small amount of directed fishing on this stock. Considering the uncertainty about the future recruitments and the response of the resource to resumed exploitation, Scientific Council advised that the catch in 2021 remain at the same level that 2020 (5 448 t). Unlike 2020 where the catches and effort directed at shrimp were marginal, in 2021 the preliminary catches (until 6 September) were 5 791 t carried out in 420 days of fishing. The biomass indices from EU survey decreased by 69 % compared to 2020, confirming the downward trend that began in 2020. In 2021 the total and female biomass indexes were 2101 t and 1797 t respectively. The abundance at age 3, corresponding to the relatively strong 2018 year class, was 43% lower than estimated in 2020 and revealed a weaker recruitment than expected. Also the abundance at age 2 (2019 year class), estimated from the main gear and the small bag attached on the cod-end, decreased around 92 % and 74 % respectively compared with 2020showing the weakness of 2019 year class. The stock is now below Blim and it is in the collapse zone defined by the NAFO PA framework. To be consistent with the precautionary approach, fishing mortality should be kept as close to zero as possible when a stock is in the collapse zone. Therefore, considering the decline of the stock and the poor prospects for recruitment to the fishable stock in the coming years, Scientific Council advises that the fishing mortality and catch be set as close to zero as possible by 2022.UEVersión del editor

Assessment of the International Fishery for Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in Division 3M (Flemish Cap), 1993-2008

The development of the international shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fishery in NAFO Division 3M is described. Various indices show that even the stock is in high levels in 2006 and 2007 the lack of good recruitments in the last years and progressive disappearance of the strong year classes 2001 and 2002 will lead to the stock decline. The effort in the last years was low due to high cost of oil and low marketing prize of shrimp. Nominal catch was 17600 tons in 2007 as compared to 21431 tons in 2006. The catch in 2008 was only 7805 tons to 1 october. Noting the lack of reports on catch this figure might increase considerably. The results from the ageing which is based on biological sampling showed a great number of five years olds per hour in 2007 proving the 2002 year-class to be very strong. However in 2008 this year class was barely represented. The female biomass from EU survey was variable though without trends at a relative high level from 1998 to 2007 but in 2008 the estimated biomass decreased to levels prior to 1998. This pessimistic picture is not agreed with the observed trend in the female standardized CPUE that is growing since 1998. Indices of recruitment from the commercial fishery (age 2 in numbers) are plotted against CPUE of 3+ two and three years later showing a significative relationship between them. The recruitment indices of both commercial fishery and EU survey show a very strong 2002 year-class followed by weak year-class since then

Assessment of the International Fishery for Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in Division 3M (Flemish Cap), 1993-2013

The development of the international shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fishery in NAFO Division 3M is described. Various indices show that even the stock was in high levels in 2006 and 2007 the lack of good recruitments in the last years and the progressive disappearance of the strong year classes 2001 and 2002 have caused a drastic decline of the stock. Although the fishing effort in recent years was low and from 2011 a moratorium over shrimp fishery was established, the increase of cod biomass (the most important predator of northern shrimp in 3M) has probably been the cause of the successive bad recruitments and resulting decline of the stock. The revised Nominal catches declined from 63 970 tonnes in 2003 to 5 448 tonnes in 2009 and 1 988 in 2010. No catches have been recorded since 2011 due to the moratorium. The female biomass from EU survey was variable though without trends at a relative high level from 1998 to 2007 but since then the estimated biomass initiated a drastic decline to lowest levels in the EU survey series in 2011, 2012 and 2013. Also after the strong 2002 year-class (i.e. age 2 in 2004), all the subsequent year classes have been weak and the recruitment prospects remain uncertain. Considering the 15% of the maximum survey female biomass index as a limit reference point for biomass (Blim), the stock remain since 2011 in the collapse zone defined by the NAFO PA framework. The low exploitation rates in the recent past years and the moratorium in 2011, 2012 and 2013 have not provoked changes in the state of the stock. Also the recruitment prospects remain uncertain and therefore the fishing mortality would be set as close to zero as possible in 2014

Division 3M Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) - Interim Monitoring Update

This document updates some of the indices for northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) harvested within NAFO Divisions 3M. The assessment for this resource was completed, within Scientific Council during autumn 2011. Scientific Council recommended that the fishing mortality for 2013 be set as close to zero as possible. Now, the low indices of biomass estimated in the 2012 EU summer survey, where the stock size was well below Blim proxy, confirm the depletion of the stock after several years of downward trend, even though the levels of exploitation have been low since 2005 and close to zero in 2011 and 2012, due to the moratorium initiated in 2011. The biomass estimates (EU survey summer 1988-2012) are updated within this report. In the 2011 EU survey the 3M total and female biomass index were 1041t and 850 t respectively. These indexes were around 37% lower than last year and the lowest values in the EU survey series. As previous years, the sharp decline of shrimp biomass in Flemish Cap was associated with a high level of the cod stock. This unfavorable situation confirms the recommendation carried out within Scientific Council during autumn 2011

Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) on Flemish Cap Surveys 2018

A stratified random bottom trawl survey on Flemish Cap was carried out from June 25th to July 25th 2018. The area surveyed was extended up to depths of 800 fathoms (1450 meters) following the same procedures as in previous years. This year a total of 181 valid hauls were made by the vessel R/V Vizconde de Eza with the usual survey gear (Lofoten), 120 up to 730 meters depth. The surveyed area has properly prospected the 32 strata planned. The general indexes for shrimp were estimated taken into account the traditional swept area (strata 1-19, up to depths of 730 m.) and the total area surveyed (strata 1-34, up to depths of 1450 m.). As the last years the strata 26 and 27sited in the southeast of the bank with depths from 600 to 800 fathoms (1100- 1400 m.) will not be surveyed due to the presence in the bottoms of great quantities of mud and sponges. The results concerning shrimp are presented and compared to those from previous years of the same series. In recent years 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 the total biomass indexes increased significantly compared to previous year (around 72%, 62%, 14% and 52 % respectively) but remain below average. The total and female biomasses estimated in 2018 were 4394 t and 4051 t respectively (Table 1). As in previous years the youngest specimens (age 1, around 10 mm CL) barely appeared in the catches and the abundance at age 2 (around 16 mm CL) increased at levels next to reported in 2009 and 2010 but remains at low level and suggesting the absence of any strong year classes since 2004. Although the new information indicates a slight improvement and the stock is now outside the collapse zone, it remains in a state of impaired recruitment that confirms the recommendation carried out within Scientific Council during autumn 2017

Results from Bottom Trawl Survey on Flemish Cap of July 2003

A stratified-random bottom trawl survey on Flemish Cap was carried out from June 2nd to July 27th 2003 following the same procedures as in previous years. However the survey was carried out by the R/V Vizconde de Eza, which will continue for this survey in the future. For this reason during the first ten days of the survey a comparative fishing trial for calibration was conducted between the former vessel R/V Cornide de Saavedra and the new one. Taking into account that the calibration will continue during the next year's survey, the indexes in the series from 1988 to 2002 were not changed to the new scale by now. Still, the 2003 current indices from the R/V Vizconde de Eza were transformed to the R/V Cornide de Saavedra scale, to make them comparable to the results obtained in previous years. Abundance at age indices was presented for cod, American plaice, redfish and Greenland halibut